Di petik dari :
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0858031.html
Espionage is a part of intelligence activity, which is also concerned with analysis of diplomatic reports, newspapers, periodicals, technical publications, commercial statistics, and radio and television broadcasts. In the last fifty years espionage activity has been greatly supplemented by technological advances, especially in the areas of radio signal interception and high-altitude photography. Surveillance with high-technology equipment on the ground or from high-altitude planes and satellites has become an important espionage technique (see Cuban Missile Crisis). Code making and code breaking (see cryptography) have become computerized and very effective. The threat of foreign espionage is used as an excuse for internal suppression and the suspension of civil rights in many countries. Espionage is a very important part of guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency. The defensive side of intelligence activity, i.e., preventing another nation from gaining such information, is known as counterespionage. Under international law, intelligence activities are not illegal; however, every nation has laws against espionage conducted against it.
Isnin, 28 April 2008
History Of Espionage
Di petik dari
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0858032.html
Beginnings through the Nineteenth Century
The importance of espionage in military affairs has been recognized since the beginning of recorded history. The Egyptians had a well-developed secret service, and spying and subversion are mentioned in the Iliad and in the Bible. The ancient Chinese treatise (c.500 B.C.) on the art of war (see Sun Tzu) devotes much attention to deception and intelligence gathering, arguing that all war is based on deception. In the Middle Ages, political espionage became important. Joan of Arc was betrayed by Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, a spy in the pay of the English, and Sir Francis Walsingham developed an efficient political spy system for Elizabeth I. With the growth of the modern national state, systematized espionage became a fundamental part of government in most countries. Joseph Fouché is credited with developing the first modern political espionage system, and Frederick II of Prussia is regarded as the founder of modern military espionage. During the American Revolution, Nathan Hale and Benedict Arnold achieved fame as spies, and there was considerable use of spies on both sides during the U.S. Civil War.
In the Twentieth Century
By World War I, all the great powers except the United States had elaborate civilian espionage systems and all national military establishments had intelligence units. To protect the country against foreign agents, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Statute of 1917. Mata Hari, who obtained information for Germany by seducing French officials, was the most noted espionage agent of World War I. Germany and Japan established elaborate espionage nets in the years preceding World War II. In 1942 the Office of Strategic Services was founded by Gen. William J. Donovan. However, the British system was the keystone of Allied intelligence.
Since World War II, espionage activity has enlarged considerably, much of it growing out of the cold war between the United States and the former USSR. Russia and the Soviet Union have had a long tradition of espionage ranging from the Czar's Okhrana to the Committee for State Security (the KGB), which also acted as a secret police force. In the United States the 1947 National Security Act created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate intelligence and the National Security Agency for research into codes and electronic communication. In addition to these, the United States has 13 other intelligence gathering agencies; most of the U.S. expenditures for intelligence gathering are budgeted to various Defense Dept. agencies and their programs. Under the intelligence reorganization of 2004, the director of national intelligence is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the activities and budgets of the U.S. intelligence agencies.
Famous cold war espionage cases include Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers and the Rosenberg Case. In 1952 the Communist Chinese captured two CIA agents, and in 1960 Francis Gary Powers, flying a U-2 reconnaissance mission over the Soviet Union for the CIA, was shot down and captured. During the cold war, many Soviet intelligence officials defected to the West, including Gen. Walter Krivitsky, Victor Kravchenko, Vladimir Petrov, Peter Deriabin Pawel Monat, and Oleg Penkovsky, of the GRU (Soviet military intelligence). Among Western officials who defected to the Soviet Union are Guy F. Burgess and Donald D. Maclean of Great Britain in 1951, Otto John of West Germany in 1954, William H. Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, U.S. cryptographers, in 1960, and Harold (Kim) Philby of Great Britain in 1962. U.S. acknowledgment of its U-2 flights and the exchange of Francis Gary Powers for Rudolf Abel in 1962 implied the legitimacy of some espionage as an arm of foreign policy.
China has a very cost-effective intelligence program that is especially effective in monitoring neighboring countries. Smaller countries can also mount effective and focused espionage efforts. The Vietnamese Communists, for example, had consistently superior intelligence during the Vietnam War. Israel probably has the best espionage establishment in the world. Some of the Muslim countries, especially Libya, Iran, and Syria, have highly developed operations as well. Iran's Savak was particularly feared by Iranian dissidents before the Iranian Revolution.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0858032.html
Beginnings through the Nineteenth Century
The importance of espionage in military affairs has been recognized since the beginning of recorded history. The Egyptians had a well-developed secret service, and spying and subversion are mentioned in the Iliad and in the Bible. The ancient Chinese treatise (c.500 B.C.) on the art of war (see Sun Tzu) devotes much attention to deception and intelligence gathering, arguing that all war is based on deception. In the Middle Ages, political espionage became important. Joan of Arc was betrayed by Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, a spy in the pay of the English, and Sir Francis Walsingham developed an efficient political spy system for Elizabeth I. With the growth of the modern national state, systematized espionage became a fundamental part of government in most countries. Joseph Fouché is credited with developing the first modern political espionage system, and Frederick II of Prussia is regarded as the founder of modern military espionage. During the American Revolution, Nathan Hale and Benedict Arnold achieved fame as spies, and there was considerable use of spies on both sides during the U.S. Civil War.
In the Twentieth Century
By World War I, all the great powers except the United States had elaborate civilian espionage systems and all national military establishments had intelligence units. To protect the country against foreign agents, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Statute of 1917. Mata Hari, who obtained information for Germany by seducing French officials, was the most noted espionage agent of World War I. Germany and Japan established elaborate espionage nets in the years preceding World War II. In 1942 the Office of Strategic Services was founded by Gen. William J. Donovan. However, the British system was the keystone of Allied intelligence.
Since World War II, espionage activity has enlarged considerably, much of it growing out of the cold war between the United States and the former USSR. Russia and the Soviet Union have had a long tradition of espionage ranging from the Czar's Okhrana to the Committee for State Security (the KGB), which also acted as a secret police force. In the United States the 1947 National Security Act created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate intelligence and the National Security Agency for research into codes and electronic communication. In addition to these, the United States has 13 other intelligence gathering agencies; most of the U.S. expenditures for intelligence gathering are budgeted to various Defense Dept. agencies and their programs. Under the intelligence reorganization of 2004, the director of national intelligence is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the activities and budgets of the U.S. intelligence agencies.
Famous cold war espionage cases include Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers and the Rosenberg Case. In 1952 the Communist Chinese captured two CIA agents, and in 1960 Francis Gary Powers, flying a U-2 reconnaissance mission over the Soviet Union for the CIA, was shot down and captured. During the cold war, many Soviet intelligence officials defected to the West, including Gen. Walter Krivitsky, Victor Kravchenko, Vladimir Petrov, Peter Deriabin Pawel Monat, and Oleg Penkovsky, of the GRU (Soviet military intelligence). Among Western officials who defected to the Soviet Union are Guy F. Burgess and Donald D. Maclean of Great Britain in 1951, Otto John of West Germany in 1954, William H. Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, U.S. cryptographers, in 1960, and Harold (Kim) Philby of Great Britain in 1962. U.S. acknowledgment of its U-2 flights and the exchange of Francis Gary Powers for Rudolf Abel in 1962 implied the legitimacy of some espionage as an arm of foreign policy.
China has a very cost-effective intelligence program that is especially effective in monitoring neighboring countries. Smaller countries can also mount effective and focused espionage efforts. The Vietnamese Communists, for example, had consistently superior intelligence during the Vietnam War. Israel probably has the best espionage establishment in the world. Some of the Muslim countries, especially Libya, Iran, and Syria, have highly developed operations as well. Iran's Savak was particularly feared by Iranian dissidents before the Iranian Revolution.
Espionage in History- by Rit Nosotro
di petik dari http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t0w24espionage.htm
( Ini pendapat Mr Rit Nosotro)
Espionage has played an important role throughout history. Intelligence provided by spies has saved friends and led to the death of foes. Espionage is initiated by government organizations, business corporations, and private citizens. A spy may learn of secret technologies or personal lifestyles. Captured spies may land themselves and their employers in prison. Some pay for espionage with their life.
Espionage goes back to Genesis. Joseph accused his brothers of being spies in order to get his whole family safe in Egypt. The next recorded instances of espionage took place after the Israelites had escaped from the servitude of Egypt. They were led by Moses to a promised land where he decided to send several men to spy out the land. The most famous of these men were two called Caleb and Joshua, for although their report acknowledge that the inhabitants had formidable strength they held to the promises of God rather than the fears of the other men. Forty years later the Hebrews returned and two spies were hidden on the roof of a wall by a prostitute named Rahab who become famous in the linage of Christ Jesus.
Another instance of spies appearing history took place approximately 500 years before the birth of Christ, in the far-eastern country of China. The general of China's army at that time, Sun Tzu, was very learned in the arts of war. He wrote (possibly with the help of other authors) a book entitled The Art of War. In the book he highlighted the importance of spies and espionage in war, among other things. From a very early time, China condoned the use of spies and espionage to obtain intelligence.
There also exists evidence showing that the ancient Roman empire used espionage. On the day of his assassination Julius Caesar received a notice from a spy informing him of the plan. Unfortunately, Caesar disregarded the warning and was killed. There also exists other evidence that the Roman military made use of scouts and other forms of intelligence-gathering personnel.
Joan of Arc, a medieval leader of the French forces in the Hundred Years War, protected the French throne from the English until Pierre Cauchon de Beauvais, a spy for the English, betrayed her. Within several hundred years, in the late 1500's, Queen Elizabeth I of England also had a comprehensive intelligence system in place.
Espionage also played a great part in the American revolution. Two of the most prominent spies of the time of the revolution are Nathan Hale and Benedict Arnold. The first held a job as school teacher before the revolution; when gathering intelligence from the British forces it was natural for him to disguise himself as a school teacher. Upon capture, Hale uttered these words that have become so famous, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." Benedict Arnold remains another famous spy from the time period of America's revolution. After some amount of discontent with his place in the military, he began a treasonous correspondence with an enemy contact named Sir Henry Clinton. A man by the name of John André discovered the plan, but unfortunately Arnold managed to escape. Many others served as spies during the American Revolution
In World War I Mata Hari of Germany gained a great deal of important information for her country. Originally from Paris, she seduced many important French officials, gaining much important information from them. The French government arrested her in 1917, and soon after they executed her. By World War II the United States had become more active in the espionage scene. They employed a baseball player by the name of Moe Berg as a spy. His assignment remained simple: discover how close the Germans were to finishing an atomic bomb. He completed this task well, finding out that the Germans were not close to finishing development on a nuclear weapon.
One of the most espionage-centric wars in history, the Cold War, took place between the USA and the USSR following the end of World War II. During the Cuban Missile Crisis and at other times, many feared the tension would eventually escalate into a nuclear war. During the Cold war, the armies of the involved nations rarely battled; instead there existed a battle between the intelligence agencies of each nation. These agencies made use of many new technologies in this war of intelligence, including spy aircraft, eavesdropping tools, and many other devices.
Many nations have made use of espionage throughout the history of the world. Beginning in Bible times and continuing until modern times, the art of espionage has become much more refined than when it was first used. As we have seen, the use of surveillance can change the course of wars, and it can even sometimes incite the war itself. Its use has caused a great deal of damage and good, depending on the side one is on. The role of espionage agencies will become increasingly important as time goes on, as many lives can be saved through careful use of intelligence.
( Ini pendapat Mr Rit Nosotro)
Espionage has played an important role throughout history. Intelligence provided by spies has saved friends and led to the death of foes. Espionage is initiated by government organizations, business corporations, and private citizens. A spy may learn of secret technologies or personal lifestyles. Captured spies may land themselves and their employers in prison. Some pay for espionage with their life.
Espionage goes back to Genesis. Joseph accused his brothers of being spies in order to get his whole family safe in Egypt. The next recorded instances of espionage took place after the Israelites had escaped from the servitude of Egypt. They were led by Moses to a promised land where he decided to send several men to spy out the land. The most famous of these men were two called Caleb and Joshua, for although their report acknowledge that the inhabitants had formidable strength they held to the promises of God rather than the fears of the other men. Forty years later the Hebrews returned and two spies were hidden on the roof of a wall by a prostitute named Rahab who become famous in the linage of Christ Jesus.
Another instance of spies appearing history took place approximately 500 years before the birth of Christ, in the far-eastern country of China. The general of China's army at that time, Sun Tzu, was very learned in the arts of war. He wrote (possibly with the help of other authors) a book entitled The Art of War. In the book he highlighted the importance of spies and espionage in war, among other things. From a very early time, China condoned the use of spies and espionage to obtain intelligence.
There also exists evidence showing that the ancient Roman empire used espionage. On the day of his assassination Julius Caesar received a notice from a spy informing him of the plan. Unfortunately, Caesar disregarded the warning and was killed. There also exists other evidence that the Roman military made use of scouts and other forms of intelligence-gathering personnel.
Joan of Arc, a medieval leader of the French forces in the Hundred Years War, protected the French throne from the English until Pierre Cauchon de Beauvais, a spy for the English, betrayed her. Within several hundred years, in the late 1500's, Queen Elizabeth I of England also had a comprehensive intelligence system in place.
Espionage also played a great part in the American revolution. Two of the most prominent spies of the time of the revolution are Nathan Hale and Benedict Arnold. The first held a job as school teacher before the revolution; when gathering intelligence from the British forces it was natural for him to disguise himself as a school teacher. Upon capture, Hale uttered these words that have become so famous, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." Benedict Arnold remains another famous spy from the time period of America's revolution. After some amount of discontent with his place in the military, he began a treasonous correspondence with an enemy contact named Sir Henry Clinton. A man by the name of John André discovered the plan, but unfortunately Arnold managed to escape. Many others served as spies during the American Revolution
In World War I Mata Hari of Germany gained a great deal of important information for her country. Originally from Paris, she seduced many important French officials, gaining much important information from them. The French government arrested her in 1917, and soon after they executed her. By World War II the United States had become more active in the espionage scene. They employed a baseball player by the name of Moe Berg as a spy. His assignment remained simple: discover how close the Germans were to finishing an atomic bomb. He completed this task well, finding out that the Germans were not close to finishing development on a nuclear weapon.
One of the most espionage-centric wars in history, the Cold War, took place between the USA and the USSR following the end of World War II. During the Cuban Missile Crisis and at other times, many feared the tension would eventually escalate into a nuclear war. During the Cold war, the armies of the involved nations rarely battled; instead there existed a battle between the intelligence agencies of each nation. These agencies made use of many new technologies in this war of intelligence, including spy aircraft, eavesdropping tools, and many other devices.
Many nations have made use of espionage throughout the history of the world. Beginning in Bible times and continuing until modern times, the art of espionage has become much more refined than when it was first used. As we have seen, the use of surveillance can change the course of wars, and it can even sometimes incite the war itself. Its use has caused a great deal of damage and good, depending on the side one is on. The role of espionage agencies will become increasingly important as time goes on, as many lives can be saved through careful use of intelligence.
The Art Of War About Spying
"Therefore, I say: Know your enemy and know yourself; in a hundred battles, you will never be defeated. When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning or losing are equal. If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you are sure to be defeated in every battle"
Sun Tzu; The Art Of War, 500 B.C.
Sun Tzu; The Art Of War, 500 B.C.
Espionage Definition
menurut definisi http://www.yourdictionary.com/
espionage Definition
es·pio·nage (es′pē ə näz̸h′, -näj′)
noun
-the act of spying
-the use of spies by a government to learn the military secrets of other nations
-☆ the use of spies in industry or commerce to learn the secrets of other companies
Etymology: Fr espionnage <>spy
espionage Synonyms
espionage
n.
spying, undercover work, reconnaissance, surveillance; see spying.
Espionage Hacker Definition
(legal term)
For years the United States has been worried about becoming a target of foreign economic and industrial espionage. Sabotage is the act of using spies to gain information about what a government or a company does or plans to do.
For the year 2000, in particular, the U.S. business community said that economic espionage cost them anywhere from $100–250 billion in lost sales. The greatest losses, they noted, involved manufacturing processing and R&D (research and development) information. With increasing competition for limited resources, the business community projected these losses to intensify in the coming years.
As is the business community, the U.S. government is worried about three types of espionage—economic, industrial, and proprietary. Economic espionage involves the covert targeting or gaining of sensitive information that has financial, trade, or economic policy implications. Industrial espionage involves the undercover gathering of information about a company to acquire commercial secrets and thereby gain a competitive edge. Proprietary information is that generally not found in the public domain and for which the information’s owner takes special measures to protect it from getting into the public domain. Often, proprietary information includes R&D plans for a business or plans for emerging technologies.
An interesting espionage case was reported by the U.S. government in its 2001 Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive Report. Two business persons, one a Chinese national who was the president of a Beijing company and the other a naturalized Canadian, pleaded guilty to charges of exporting fiber-optic gyroscopes to the Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) without the required State Department permits. Exporting these gyroscopes to the PRC is prohibited by U.S. law. It seems that the two business persons purchased the gyroscopes from a Massachusetts company. They apparently planned to export them to the PRC through a Canadian subsidiary of the Beijing company. The “espionage” concern expressed by the U.S. government was that the gyroscopes could be used in missile guidance systems and smart bombs.
See Also: Counterintelligence Enhancement Act of 2002.
Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage. [Online, 2001.] http:// www.iwar.org.uk/ecoespionage/resources/senate/annual-reports/industrial-espionage-01.htm.
espionage Definition
es·pio·nage (es′pē ə näz̸h′, -näj′)
noun
-the act of spying
-the use of spies by a government to learn the military secrets of other nations
-☆ the use of spies in industry or commerce to learn the secrets of other companies
Etymology: Fr espionnage <>spy
espionage Synonyms
espionage
n.
spying, undercover work, reconnaissance, surveillance; see spying.
Espionage Hacker Definition
(legal term)
For years the United States has been worried about becoming a target of foreign economic and industrial espionage. Sabotage is the act of using spies to gain information about what a government or a company does or plans to do.
For the year 2000, in particular, the U.S. business community said that economic espionage cost them anywhere from $100–250 billion in lost sales. The greatest losses, they noted, involved manufacturing processing and R&D (research and development) information. With increasing competition for limited resources, the business community projected these losses to intensify in the coming years.
As is the business community, the U.S. government is worried about three types of espionage—economic, industrial, and proprietary. Economic espionage involves the covert targeting or gaining of sensitive information that has financial, trade, or economic policy implications. Industrial espionage involves the undercover gathering of information about a company to acquire commercial secrets and thereby gain a competitive edge. Proprietary information is that generally not found in the public domain and for which the information’s owner takes special measures to protect it from getting into the public domain. Often, proprietary information includes R&D plans for a business or plans for emerging technologies.
An interesting espionage case was reported by the U.S. government in its 2001 Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive Report. Two business persons, one a Chinese national who was the president of a Beijing company and the other a naturalized Canadian, pleaded guilty to charges of exporting fiber-optic gyroscopes to the Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) without the required State Department permits. Exporting these gyroscopes to the PRC is prohibited by U.S. law. It seems that the two business persons purchased the gyroscopes from a Massachusetts company. They apparently planned to export them to the PRC through a Canadian subsidiary of the Beijing company. The “espionage” concern expressed by the U.S. government was that the gyroscopes could be used in missile guidance systems and smart bombs.
See Also: Counterintelligence Enhancement Act of 2002.
Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage. [Online, 2001.] http:// www.iwar.org.uk/ecoespionage/resources/senate/annual-reports/industrial-espionage-01.htm.
Spy/ Pengintip
Spies are the ultimate survivors. They use confidence, intelligence and manipulation to achieve their goals. Their knowledge and skillsets have only ever been passed down through word of mouth and specialist training.
Espionage or spying involves a human being obtaining (i.e., using human intelligence HUMINT methods) information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage is inherently clandestine, as the legitimate holder of the information may change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized hands. Clandestine HUMINT for the basic concepts of such information collection, and subordinate articles such as clandestine HUMINT operational techniques and clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting for discussions of the "tradecraft" used to collect this information.
Espionage or spying involves a human being obtaining (i.e., using human intelligence HUMINT methods) information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage is inherently clandestine, as the legitimate holder of the information may change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized hands. Clandestine HUMINT for the basic concepts of such information collection, and subordinate articles such as clandestine HUMINT operational techniques and clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting for discussions of the "tradecraft" used to collect this information.
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